Sold Under the Brand Name of Omnicef
In recent years, there has been an increasing number of adults and children suffering from antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. This has been especially true of individuals who suffer from ear, nose and throat complications. In an effort to improve and remedy these resistant infections, the FDA has approved the generic form of an antibiotic known as Cefdinir.
Cefdinir, the generic form of Omnicef, is manufactured and distributed by Teva Pharmaceuticals. As a partially synthetic drug, Cefdinir lends its success to fighting bacterial infections through its ability to prevent bacteria from replicating and breaking down protective walls around the bacterial organisms. Belonging to the family of antibiotics known as cephalosporin, Cefdinir now provides adults and children with a cost effective way to fight antibiotic resistant infections.
Dosing of Cefdinir also adds to the advantage of this FDA approved drug. With dosing provided orally, in capsule or suspension formula, adults and children can treat their bacterial infections of the ears, nose and throat in one or two doses daily. In most cases, adults are prescribed doses of 300 to 600 milligrams while children seem to benefit best from doses between 125 and 250 milligrams.
As with most FDA approved prescription medications, Cefdinir does not come without side effects. However, most side effects are mild and may include a slight change in bowel, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and headache. Because Cefdinir may cause fluctuations in blood glucose levels, diabetics should be certain to monitor sugar intake when using Cefdinir to fight a bacterial infection.
While Cefdinir has not been shown to cause complications in pregnancy, caution should be used when prescribing as risks to a fetus are unknown. Additionally, because Cefdinir is excreted through the kidneys, individuals in renal failure are cautioned to not use Cefdinir to fight ear, nose and throat bacterial infections.
When suffering from flu, common cold or viral infections, Cefdinir should not be utilized as these conditions do not respond well to this FDA approved drug. Also, if you suffer from allergic reactions to antibiotics such as Keflex, Ceclor or other penicillin products, Cefdinir may not be indicated.
As with any resistant bacterial infection, the key to optimal health outcomes lies in the ability to seek and obtain treatment early. When suffering from a bacterial infection of the ear, nose or throat, discuss the use of Cefdinir with your healthcare professional.
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
MRSA-Should You Be Scared of Staph Infections?
It's scary enough just knowing you have to go into the hospital for surgery or some other procedure. It's even scarier to think you could come out sicker than when you went in. But it's downright terrifying to think that you could contract a deadly bacterial infection without going anywhere near a hospital. Unfortunately, that's the harsh reality we're facing with MRSA-a potentially lethal strain of bacteria known as methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.
After decades of over-prescribing antibiotics, doctors have all but forced these staph bacteria to mutate, growing stronger with each generation and making themselves immune to antibiotics that once were effective against them. Hospitals have been battling MRSA (often pronounced as 'mersa') for many years, but it has now escaped the confines of the hospital walls.
It's alarming to me that MRSA had to reach this level before news of its dire consequences was made known to the public at large. Healthcare workers have been well aware of its existence for a very long time. No longer the problem of just hospitals and nursing homes, these deadly bacteria are spreading infection in gyms, locker rooms, prisons, urban neighborhoods and schools.
Estimates are already being made that deaths from fatal staph infections may well exceed those caused by AIDS. The cause for concern is real. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the overall incidence rate is about 32 invasive infections per 100,000 people, a figure that JAMA describes as "astounding".
Only about a fourth of the cases studied involved hospitalized patients, but more than half were somewhere in the health care system, such as those having undergone recent surgery or people on dialysis. The major way this deadly superbug spreads is through open wounds and from contact with medical equipment. The problem is compounded by the fact that healthy people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses and can spread it by direct skin to skin contact with another person.
Many staph infections present themselves as a mild skin infection. But if the staph bacteria enter the bloodstream or destroy flesh, they can be fatal. The federal Center for Disease Control (CDC) is calling MRSA a "major public health concern". In 2005, the year the research was done, it was estimated there were more than 94,000 cases nationwide. Of those, roughly 19,000 people died. That same year, AIDS killed just over 17,000 people.
In Virginia, where a 17 year old recently died after MRSA infected his liver, lungs and the muscles of his heart, Governor Tim Kaine has signed an emergency regulation that requires labs to report confirmed cases of MRSA to the Virginia Department of Health so the state can keep better tabs on the infection.
It is now common practice in many hospitals to screen patients for MRSA as they enter the hospital setting. But it's being discovered in schools and daycare centers and places that have no such screening methods. Athletes, normally considered some of our strongest, healthiest citizens are considered to have a high risk of contracting the disease. Once MRSA takes hold, it can take as little as 12 hours for someone to go from feeling fine to needing immediate hospitalization.
After decades of over-prescribing antibiotics, doctors have all but forced these staph bacteria to mutate, growing stronger with each generation and making themselves immune to antibiotics that once were effective against them. Hospitals have been battling MRSA (often pronounced as 'mersa') for many years, but it has now escaped the confines of the hospital walls.
It's alarming to me that MRSA had to reach this level before news of its dire consequences was made known to the public at large. Healthcare workers have been well aware of its existence for a very long time. No longer the problem of just hospitals and nursing homes, these deadly bacteria are spreading infection in gyms, locker rooms, prisons, urban neighborhoods and schools.
Estimates are already being made that deaths from fatal staph infections may well exceed those caused by AIDS. The cause for concern is real. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the overall incidence rate is about 32 invasive infections per 100,000 people, a figure that JAMA describes as "astounding".
Only about a fourth of the cases studied involved hospitalized patients, but more than half were somewhere in the health care system, such as those having undergone recent surgery or people on dialysis. The major way this deadly superbug spreads is through open wounds and from contact with medical equipment. The problem is compounded by the fact that healthy people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses and can spread it by direct skin to skin contact with another person.
Many staph infections present themselves as a mild skin infection. But if the staph bacteria enter the bloodstream or destroy flesh, they can be fatal. The federal Center for Disease Control (CDC) is calling MRSA a "major public health concern". In 2005, the year the research was done, it was estimated there were more than 94,000 cases nationwide. Of those, roughly 19,000 people died. That same year, AIDS killed just over 17,000 people.
In Virginia, where a 17 year old recently died after MRSA infected his liver, lungs and the muscles of his heart, Governor Tim Kaine has signed an emergency regulation that requires labs to report confirmed cases of MRSA to the Virginia Department of Health so the state can keep better tabs on the infection.
It is now common practice in many hospitals to screen patients for MRSA as they enter the hospital setting. But it's being discovered in schools and daycare centers and places that have no such screening methods. Athletes, normally considered some of our strongest, healthiest citizens are considered to have a high risk of contracting the disease. Once MRSA takes hold, it can take as little as 12 hours for someone to go from feeling fine to needing immediate hospitalization.
Drug Induced Uremic Complications
Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Children, under the age of 10, are susceptible to a variety of health complications, especially those associated with gastrointestinal and urological complications. For some children, the complication may be associated with a bacterial infection or related to a complication of genetics or use of prescription drugs, often resulting in the same diagnosis.
A drug induced illness that is commonly mistaken for a bacterial infection is a complication involving a complication of both the gastrointestinal tract as well as the urological system. Known as Hemolytic uremic syndrome, children who experience this complication are often suffering from symptoms of bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and kidney complications.
Because these symptoms mimic that of an E.coli bacterial infection or a Strep viral infection, often, children are misdiagnosed when the symptoms first appear. For this reason, if you child is taking drugs that can also induce Hemolytic uremic syndrome, it is important that your healthcare provider is familiar with all medications. Medications such as Sandimmune, a cyclosporine, and Prograf, also known as tacrolimus, can result in these life threatening complications.
In addition to drug induced complications, when your child is suffering from Hemolytic uremic syndrome, and E.coli or other bacterial infections are ruled out, your child may require additional testing. Because other health complications can be co morbid with Hemolytic uremic syndrome, the complication may also be exacerbated by health conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis and even colitis. Be certain to as your pediatrician to examine your child for these conditions as well.
When your child is suffering from a drug-induced complication associated with Hemolytic uremic syndrome, your physician will want to discontinue the medication immediately. In addition, your child may require hospitalization for as long as two weeks to manage the complications that develop in Hemolytic uremic syndrome. While the rate of death with this complication, in children, is around 10 percent, the greater concern is that of developing long term health complications including kidney failure and hypertension. Should your child develop either of these complications, the life span can be significantly shortened.
As with any complication associated with gastrointestinal complaints in a child, it is important to seek medical attention early. With the risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, complications resulting in bloody diarrhea and vomiting are usually indicative of a complex health complication. While many physicians are used to assuming E. coli is the basis for Hemolytic uremic syndrome, in some children the condition may be related to another health condition, such as lupus, or related to a drug-induced reaction.
Children, under the age of 10, are susceptible to a variety of health complications, especially those associated with gastrointestinal and urological complications. For some children, the complication may be associated with a bacterial infection or related to a complication of genetics or use of prescription drugs, often resulting in the same diagnosis.
A drug induced illness that is commonly mistaken for a bacterial infection is a complication involving a complication of both the gastrointestinal tract as well as the urological system. Known as Hemolytic uremic syndrome, children who experience this complication are often suffering from symptoms of bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and kidney complications.
Because these symptoms mimic that of an E.coli bacterial infection or a Strep viral infection, often, children are misdiagnosed when the symptoms first appear. For this reason, if you child is taking drugs that can also induce Hemolytic uremic syndrome, it is important that your healthcare provider is familiar with all medications. Medications such as Sandimmune, a cyclosporine, and Prograf, also known as tacrolimus, can result in these life threatening complications.
In addition to drug induced complications, when your child is suffering from Hemolytic uremic syndrome, and E.coli or other bacterial infections are ruled out, your child may require additional testing. Because other health complications can be co morbid with Hemolytic uremic syndrome, the complication may also be exacerbated by health conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis and even colitis. Be certain to as your pediatrician to examine your child for these conditions as well.
When your child is suffering from a drug-induced complication associated with Hemolytic uremic syndrome, your physician will want to discontinue the medication immediately. In addition, your child may require hospitalization for as long as two weeks to manage the complications that develop in Hemolytic uremic syndrome. While the rate of death with this complication, in children, is around 10 percent, the greater concern is that of developing long term health complications including kidney failure and hypertension. Should your child develop either of these complications, the life span can be significantly shortened.
As with any complication associated with gastrointestinal complaints in a child, it is important to seek medical attention early. With the risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, complications resulting in bloody diarrhea and vomiting are usually indicative of a complex health complication. While many physicians are used to assuming E. coli is the basis for Hemolytic uremic syndrome, in some children the condition may be related to another health condition, such as lupus, or related to a drug-induced reaction.
Acute Sinusitis: Common Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention
There are two types of sinusitis, chronic and acute. Chronic sinusitis is the long-lasting frequently returning sinusitis, while the acute sinusitis lasts about three weeks or less, happening no more than 3 times per year. Acute sinusitis affects about 14% of people in the U.S. every year. It is usually caused by an upper respiratory viral infection.
Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of the sinuses, whereby mucus thickens and clogs the openings. Fluid then builds up inside the sinuses, causing increased pressure, causing the bacteria to get trapped and multiply causing infection.
Common Causes of Acute Sinusitis:
Viral infections, such as a common cold
Allergies
Air pollution and cigarette smoke
Dental infections
Narrowed nasal passages from nasal polyps
Common Symptoms of Acute Sinusitis:
Nasal congestion
Fever
Headache
Tiredness
Facial pain (this symptom depends on which sinus is inflamed). Example (reference: www.everydayhealth.com):
1. Frontal sinusitis (behind the forehead) can cause pain in the forehead and pain that gets worse when lying on your back.
2. Ethmoid sinusitis (behind the bridge of the nose) can cause pain between the eyes, eyelid swelling, loss of smell and pain when touching the sides of the nose.
3. Sphenoid sinusitis (behind the eyes) can cause earaches, neck pain, or headache at the top of the head or deep behind the forehead.
4. Maxillary sinusitis (behind the cheeks) can cause pain in the cheeks, under the eyes, or in the upper teeth and jaw.
Diagnosis:
Oftentimes it is difficult to diagnose a sinus infection during the early stages because it can be mistaken for a common cold. Both sinusitis and common cold can cause nasal congestion and fatigue. One of the differences is the length or duration or illness. The common cold will last 5-7 days, while sinus infection can last for 3 weeks or longer. The other difference is that with sinus infection the mucus discharger is greenish and there is facial pain accompanied by fever.
Some ways a doctor will diagnose sinusitis will be by symptoms, medical history and a simple office examination. The doctor may look into your ears, nose and throat, and may tap or press on your face to test for tenderness over specific sinuses.
Sometimes, the doctor will use other methods if he or she is uncertain of what type of sinusitis you may have. He or she may insert a nasopharyngoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) into your nose to look for abnormalities. X-rays and computed tomography scans also can provide a look at the sinuses, especially those that are deep within the head.
Treatment:
Many sinus infections improve without treatment. However, several medications may speed recovery and reduce the chance that an infection will become chronic.
Decongestants -- Congestion often triggers sinus infections, and decongestants can open the sinuses and allow them to drain. Example: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), Oxymetazoline (Afrin, Dristan and others) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine and others) are found in nasal sprays, antihistamines (Chlorpheniramine, loratadine, benadryl, Claritin, allegro, zyrtec). Nasal steroids -- Anti-inflammatory sprays such as mometasone (Nasonex) and fluticasone (Flonase), both available by prescription, reduce swelling of nasal membranes; saline nasal spray (salt-water sprays are safe to use and can provide some relief by adding moisture to the nasal passages, thinning mucus secretions and helping to flush out any bacteria that may be present).
Pain relievers -- Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) can be taken for headache or sinus pain, and they may reduce some inflammation.
Antibiotics - If your sinusitis is caused by bacterial infection, he or she may prescribe an antibiotic. Antibiotics help to kill bacteria and control infection. Make sure to take or follow directions when taking antibiotic. Even if the symptoms no longer exist, complete the dosage given. This will prevent recurrence of infection.
Prevention:
Avoid or quit smoking - smoke can irritate nasal passageways and increase the likelihood of infection.
Try to treat your nasal allergies before they trigger sinus infections.
If you have congestion from a cold or allergies, the following may help to reduce the risk of developing sinusitis:
1. Drink lots of water. This will help thin the nasal secretions and will keep mucous membranes moist.
2. Use steam to soothe nasal passages. You can either use a steam shower or use a pan with water steaming and cover your head with towel to trap the steam, just be careful not to get too close to avoid burns.
3. Avoid blowing your nose with great force, which can push bacteria into the sinuses.
As with any infection or illnesses, always consult your physician. Make sure to also do your own research so that you know what to ask your doctor.
Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of the sinuses, whereby mucus thickens and clogs the openings. Fluid then builds up inside the sinuses, causing increased pressure, causing the bacteria to get trapped and multiply causing infection.
Common Causes of Acute Sinusitis:
Viral infections, such as a common cold
Allergies
Air pollution and cigarette smoke
Dental infections
Narrowed nasal passages from nasal polyps
Common Symptoms of Acute Sinusitis:
Nasal congestion
Fever
Headache
Tiredness
Facial pain (this symptom depends on which sinus is inflamed). Example (reference: www.everydayhealth.com):
1. Frontal sinusitis (behind the forehead) can cause pain in the forehead and pain that gets worse when lying on your back.
2. Ethmoid sinusitis (behind the bridge of the nose) can cause pain between the eyes, eyelid swelling, loss of smell and pain when touching the sides of the nose.
3. Sphenoid sinusitis (behind the eyes) can cause earaches, neck pain, or headache at the top of the head or deep behind the forehead.
4. Maxillary sinusitis (behind the cheeks) can cause pain in the cheeks, under the eyes, or in the upper teeth and jaw.
Diagnosis:
Oftentimes it is difficult to diagnose a sinus infection during the early stages because it can be mistaken for a common cold. Both sinusitis and common cold can cause nasal congestion and fatigue. One of the differences is the length or duration or illness. The common cold will last 5-7 days, while sinus infection can last for 3 weeks or longer. The other difference is that with sinus infection the mucus discharger is greenish and there is facial pain accompanied by fever.
Some ways a doctor will diagnose sinusitis will be by symptoms, medical history and a simple office examination. The doctor may look into your ears, nose and throat, and may tap or press on your face to test for tenderness over specific sinuses.
Sometimes, the doctor will use other methods if he or she is uncertain of what type of sinusitis you may have. He or she may insert a nasopharyngoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) into your nose to look for abnormalities. X-rays and computed tomography scans also can provide a look at the sinuses, especially those that are deep within the head.
Treatment:
Many sinus infections improve without treatment. However, several medications may speed recovery and reduce the chance that an infection will become chronic.
Decongestants -- Congestion often triggers sinus infections, and decongestants can open the sinuses and allow them to drain. Example: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), Oxymetazoline (Afrin, Dristan and others) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine and others) are found in nasal sprays, antihistamines (Chlorpheniramine, loratadine, benadryl, Claritin, allegro, zyrtec). Nasal steroids -- Anti-inflammatory sprays such as mometasone (Nasonex) and fluticasone (Flonase), both available by prescription, reduce swelling of nasal membranes; saline nasal spray (salt-water sprays are safe to use and can provide some relief by adding moisture to the nasal passages, thinning mucus secretions and helping to flush out any bacteria that may be present).
Pain relievers -- Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and others) can be taken for headache or sinus pain, and they may reduce some inflammation.
Antibiotics - If your sinusitis is caused by bacterial infection, he or she may prescribe an antibiotic. Antibiotics help to kill bacteria and control infection. Make sure to take or follow directions when taking antibiotic. Even if the symptoms no longer exist, complete the dosage given. This will prevent recurrence of infection.
Prevention:
Avoid or quit smoking - smoke can irritate nasal passageways and increase the likelihood of infection.
Try to treat your nasal allergies before they trigger sinus infections.
If you have congestion from a cold or allergies, the following may help to reduce the risk of developing sinusitis:
1. Drink lots of water. This will help thin the nasal secretions and will keep mucous membranes moist.
2. Use steam to soothe nasal passages. You can either use a steam shower or use a pan with water steaming and cover your head with towel to trap the steam, just be careful not to get too close to avoid burns.
3. Avoid blowing your nose with great force, which can push bacteria into the sinuses.
As with any infection or illnesses, always consult your physician. Make sure to also do your own research so that you know what to ask your doctor.
Antibiotic-Induced Colitis: Secondary Complication of Antibiotic Usage
Symptoms and Treatment
As the cold and flu season approaches, many adults and children are expected to require antibiotic therapy to resolve bacterial infections. For most individuals, the use of antibiotics is simple and uncomplicated. For others, the use of antibiotics may pose serious health complications.
One such antibiotic complication that is becoming increasingly more common among adults and children is the growing risk for developing antibiotic-induced colitis. While we generally assume there are some gastrointestinal side effects to be expected with antibiotic use, individuals who suffer from antibiotic-induced colitis suffer far greater complications.
Antibiotic-induced colitis is a complication that involves inflammation of the intestines. While we all carry some degree of healthy bacteria in the intestinal walls, the use of antibiotics may pose a health risk by destroying healthy bacteria. When healthy bacteria are destroyed, the symptoms of colitis begin as the growth and destruction of bacteria create a toxic release. This toxic release contributes to intestinal inflammation.
Without proper treatment, the complications associated with antibiotic-induced colitis may lead to permanent colitis complications. The delayed treatment results in the colon's permanent deterioration and production of pseudomembranes that are then released in the stool.
If your doctor has prescribed an antibiotic for your infection, it is important to ask about the complication potential for colitis. Generally, you will know that you are suffering from antibiotic-induced colitis when persistent diarrhea sets in about four days after initiating the antibiotic therapy.
To treat persistent diarrhea when taking antibiotics, be sure to drink plenty of fluids and try to consume regular services of lactobacillus acidophilus, the healthy bacteria found in yogurt cultures. Should diarrhea continue, consult your physician about supplementing your antibiotic with an additional medication that can treat the bacterial imbalance associated with the development of colitis.
While life threatening complications are rare, there is a risk for complications associated with antibiotic use and the presence of diarrhea. When suffering from antibiotic-induced colitis, therefore, be certain your healthcare professional is aware of the complication and is afforded the opportunity to offer remedies. Without management, your complication may become a permanent gastrointestinal complication or, worse, may lead to life threatening health complications.
As we continue to be a society in which antibiotic use is more common than ever, many individuals are suffering from the long term effects of antibiotic-induced colitis. While antibiotics provide an excellent option to improve overall health and resolve bacterial infection, they can lead to secondary health complications. Managing your gastrointestinal health, therefore, is just as important as resolving the infection for which your antibiotic was prescribed.
As the cold and flu season approaches, many adults and children are expected to require antibiotic therapy to resolve bacterial infections. For most individuals, the use of antibiotics is simple and uncomplicated. For others, the use of antibiotics may pose serious health complications.
One such antibiotic complication that is becoming increasingly more common among adults and children is the growing risk for developing antibiotic-induced colitis. While we generally assume there are some gastrointestinal side effects to be expected with antibiotic use, individuals who suffer from antibiotic-induced colitis suffer far greater complications.
Antibiotic-induced colitis is a complication that involves inflammation of the intestines. While we all carry some degree of healthy bacteria in the intestinal walls, the use of antibiotics may pose a health risk by destroying healthy bacteria. When healthy bacteria are destroyed, the symptoms of colitis begin as the growth and destruction of bacteria create a toxic release. This toxic release contributes to intestinal inflammation.
Without proper treatment, the complications associated with antibiotic-induced colitis may lead to permanent colitis complications. The delayed treatment results in the colon's permanent deterioration and production of pseudomembranes that are then released in the stool.
If your doctor has prescribed an antibiotic for your infection, it is important to ask about the complication potential for colitis. Generally, you will know that you are suffering from antibiotic-induced colitis when persistent diarrhea sets in about four days after initiating the antibiotic therapy.
To treat persistent diarrhea when taking antibiotics, be sure to drink plenty of fluids and try to consume regular services of lactobacillus acidophilus, the healthy bacteria found in yogurt cultures. Should diarrhea continue, consult your physician about supplementing your antibiotic with an additional medication that can treat the bacterial imbalance associated with the development of colitis.
While life threatening complications are rare, there is a risk for complications associated with antibiotic use and the presence of diarrhea. When suffering from antibiotic-induced colitis, therefore, be certain your healthcare professional is aware of the complication and is afforded the opportunity to offer remedies. Without management, your complication may become a permanent gastrointestinal complication or, worse, may lead to life threatening health complications.
As we continue to be a society in which antibiotic use is more common than ever, many individuals are suffering from the long term effects of antibiotic-induced colitis. While antibiotics provide an excellent option to improve overall health and resolve bacterial infection, they can lead to secondary health complications. Managing your gastrointestinal health, therefore, is just as important as resolving the infection for which your antibiotic was prescribed.
Peritonsillar Abscess & Risks Associated with Chronic Antibiotic Use
Fighting Bacterial Infections of the Tonsils
Bacterial infections have long been thought of as curable ailments, often destroyed with the use of antibiotics. For some individuals, antibiotics are not the only solution to resolving a bacterial infection. In particular, those individuals who suffer from a bacterial infection that leads to a peritonsillar abscess, will require a more extensive form of treatment.
Peritonsillar abscess is a bacterial infection limited to the head and neck, often involving very deep tissue, with some risk for developing cellulitis in the tonsils. Commonly found among middle aged adults, peritonsillar abscess most commonly develops in those who have a history of chronic tonsillitis or have used antibiotics, repeatedly, to resolve infections.
Strep infections are most commonly associated with peritonsillar abscess development. While difficult to see on visual examination, physicians who are familiar with an adult patient's medical history of recurring tonsillitis, can often diagnose a peritonsillar abscess with relative ease. Because an adult patient will show great difficulty in opening the mouth, often, the peritonsillar abscess is suspected before even examining the tonsils.
While antibiotics are successful at resolving most bacterial infections in the tonsils, in patients who suffer from peritonsillar tonsillitis, the treatment will be far more expanded. With needle aspiration, the swelling can be reduced and a positive diagnosis, from aspirated fluids, can be obtained. In addition to antibiotics and needle aspiration, the physician may recommend more drastic surgical options, including incision and drainage or an immediate need for emergency tonsillectomy, to treat your peritonsillar abscess. In most cases of peritonsillar abscess, today, the physician will recommend incision and drainage over all other surgical options. If unsuccessful, then tonsillectomy is usually performed as a viable option.
If you suffer from recurring episodes of peritonsillar abscess, even resolved by incision and drainage coupled with antibiotics, you may want to discuss the option for surgical tonsillectomy three to six months after resolution of your infection. Because there is great risk for recurring development of peritonsillar abscess in the future, a tonsillectomy is, ultimately, the best treatment option.
As with any chronic and recurring bacterial infection, the key to your optimal health lies in the early detection and treatment of the complication. For those who suffer from chronic tonsillitis, and develop peritonsillar abscess, the use of antibiotics, coupled with incision and drainage, is your first line of defense. Once resolved, discuss the use of a tonsillectomy as a way in which to prevent future peritonsillar abscess complications.
Bacterial infections have long been thought of as curable ailments, often destroyed with the use of antibiotics. For some individuals, antibiotics are not the only solution to resolving a bacterial infection. In particular, those individuals who suffer from a bacterial infection that leads to a peritonsillar abscess, will require a more extensive form of treatment.
Peritonsillar abscess is a bacterial infection limited to the head and neck, often involving very deep tissue, with some risk for developing cellulitis in the tonsils. Commonly found among middle aged adults, peritonsillar abscess most commonly develops in those who have a history of chronic tonsillitis or have used antibiotics, repeatedly, to resolve infections.
Strep infections are most commonly associated with peritonsillar abscess development. While difficult to see on visual examination, physicians who are familiar with an adult patient's medical history of recurring tonsillitis, can often diagnose a peritonsillar abscess with relative ease. Because an adult patient will show great difficulty in opening the mouth, often, the peritonsillar abscess is suspected before even examining the tonsils.
While antibiotics are successful at resolving most bacterial infections in the tonsils, in patients who suffer from peritonsillar tonsillitis, the treatment will be far more expanded. With needle aspiration, the swelling can be reduced and a positive diagnosis, from aspirated fluids, can be obtained. In addition to antibiotics and needle aspiration, the physician may recommend more drastic surgical options, including incision and drainage or an immediate need for emergency tonsillectomy, to treat your peritonsillar abscess. In most cases of peritonsillar abscess, today, the physician will recommend incision and drainage over all other surgical options. If unsuccessful, then tonsillectomy is usually performed as a viable option.
If you suffer from recurring episodes of peritonsillar abscess, even resolved by incision and drainage coupled with antibiotics, you may want to discuss the option for surgical tonsillectomy three to six months after resolution of your infection. Because there is great risk for recurring development of peritonsillar abscess in the future, a tonsillectomy is, ultimately, the best treatment option.
As with any chronic and recurring bacterial infection, the key to your optimal health lies in the early detection and treatment of the complication. For those who suffer from chronic tonsillitis, and develop peritonsillar abscess, the use of antibiotics, coupled with incision and drainage, is your first line of defense. Once resolved, discuss the use of a tonsillectomy as a way in which to prevent future peritonsillar abscess complications.
Controlling Folliculitis
What is folliculitis?
Folliculitis is the medical name for an infection of the hair follicles. They are seldom painful, but they can really itch and drive you crazy. Folliculitis can be caused by either a bacterial or a fungal infection, and it is commonly caused by spending time in a hot tub with other people. The infection can also be caused by taking a bath in a bathtub that has not been properly cleaned after someone else used it. Swimming in water teeming with bacteria may also be a cause for this uncomfortable condition. Folliculitis can present in a superficial form that usually clears up on its own, and a deep form that is usually reoccurring and usually needs medical intervention.
What are the signs and symptoms of folliculitis?
Depending on the severity of the skin infection, pimples form on the skin with the hair shaft in the center of the pimple-this is how you can tell if it is just an acne pimple or an infected hair follicle-if the pimple is superficial it may be small, contain pustules and may crust over. These superficial infections will usually clear up without medical intervention. Deep folliculitis is characterized by large pus-filled pimples, and they may be painful and leave pit like scars when they heal. Folliculitis is usually very itchy, but it can also be very tender to the touch. Sometimes folliculitis leaves you with the feeling that your hair hurts or your hair itches. Unless you have ever felt it, you probably cannot understand what I just said. I have had folliculitis, so I know what it feels like to say, "My hair itches." It is the follicles that are irritated and feel itchy.
Some cases of superficial folliculitis are caused by the pseudomonas bacteria that live in wooden hot tubs that are not properly monitored for chlorine and pH levels. After exposure to the pseudomonas bacteria, you may start to develop itchy red bumps on your skin, within 48 hours that will later start to fill up with pus. The rash may be much worse in areas that the bathing suit covers, since the bathing suit will hold the contaminated water against your skin for a while after exposure, until you change out of your suit. If you are diabetic or have open sores or cuts on your skin, you may be more susceptible to superficial folliculitis.
There is another type of folliculitis that is caused by shaving. It is called barber's itch. It can be caused either by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) or by a fungus. In either case it is caused when the follicles have become irritated and infected. When we use a disposable razor we should throw it away when we are done. They are called disposable for reason. I will use a disposable razor no more than twice, and then I will throw it away. I've had this type of folliculitis under my arms, and I don't want it again. It is very itchy, and nothing seems to relieve it.
A fungal infection of the hair follicles in a man's beard may develop into white itchy bumps. The surrounding skin becomes read and inflamed. The infection can spread to the lymph nodes causing hard pus-filled nodules under the skin. This infection can cause fever. There are other follicular infections of the beard, face and neck in men that are caused by different bacteria and viruses. In fact, if you accidentally shave through a cold sore, you can spread the herpes simplex virus to surrounding hair follicles.
Boils and carbuncles are a form of deep folliculitis. Boils and carbuncles are formed when the hair follicles become deeply infected with staph germs. Boils usually heal on their own within a couple of weeks, but carbuncles go much deeper and are a cluster of boils. I had a carbuncle in the center of my back that I had to have surgically removed because it had developed a ropy scar tissue that was growing toward my spinal column. It was much more serious than a simple boil.
Esoinophilic folliculitis is seen mostly in people who are HIV-positive. They develop pimples that become pus-filled sores on the face, back or upper arms. It is believed that this type of infection is caused by a yeast infection in the hair follicles.
People, who have taken antibiotics for long periods to treat acne, may develop a Gram-negative (pathogenic or harmful) infection of the hair follicles. Normally people don't get an infection while on antibiotics, but some people will develop an infection in the chin, cheeks and jaw line.
What causes folliculitis?
We have hair follicles everywhere on our bodies except on the soles of our feet, the palms of our hands, mucous membranes and our lips. The anatomy and physiology of the hair follicle is such, that each follicle is attached to a little muscle that makes our hairs stand up on end when we are scared or cold. Right there with the hair follicles and muscles are the sebaceous glands that produce oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin and hair. Normally sebum is carried to the outside of the body through little ducts, but when the hair follicles become infected the structures within can become inflamed and the ducts can become clogged. When this happens the sebum is trapped under the skin and becomes infected.
Some of the common causes of folliculitis are friction from shaving and tight clothing, perspiration, preexisting skin problems-such as acne-surgical wounds, abrasions from surgical tape, chronic exposure to oil and grease, and any other substance that can clog the pours.
How is folliculitis treated?
Often simple cases of folliculitis clear up without any medical intervention. When the problem does not go away on its own, is when you need to see a physician. Your doctor can diagnose folliculitis by examining your skin. Your doctor may want to decide just what antibiotic to give you, and in that case he/she may want to do a scraping of the pustules to do a culture and sensitivity test. The C & S will determine which medications are most likely to kill the infection.
If your infection does not go away on its own it is important to get it treated by your physician, because a serious infection could develop. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that can spread to the deeper structures under the skin, including the lymph nodes. Once the lymph nodes are infected the infection can easily be spread systemically. In some cases, when folliculitis is not treated, there can be permanent hair loss due to the destruction to the hair follicles.
Your doctor may order a topical or oral medication, which includes an antibiotic, as well as an antipuretic-which controls itching. Your doctor may ask you not to shave until your infection resolves; however if you feel you have to shave, to use a clean razor each time, if you use a safety or disposable razor. Some people who have this skin problem find that shaving with an electric razor is much more comfortable because it doesn't shave as closely as a safety razor. If you use a razor, also use a shaving gel, instead of a shaving cream because it adds more moisture to the skin and the razor can glide easier over the skin. After shaving apply an aftershave with moisturizers. Some forms of deep folliculitis need to be treated with certain kinds of antibiotics, and others need topical and oral corticosteroids and antihistamines if the infection is severe.
How can folliculitis be prevented?
You may not always be able to prevent an infection, but you can take certain measures to reduce your chances of developing folliculitis by following these guidelines:
Avoid wearing tight clothing, because they have a tendency to bind or chafe your skin. When you shave, make sure you either shave with an electric razor, or if you use a safety razor, be sure to use a clean one each time. Make sure you use a shaving gel, rather than a shaving cream because the razor can glide easier.
If you have a hot tub, be sure to maintain it. Clean it regularly and follow the directions for tub maintenance when adding chlorine. If you use a commercial tub in a spa, be sure of the cleanliness of the tub. Don't be afraid to ask how it is maintained.
To prevent skin infections use common sense. Don't get into a dirty tub, don't share towels with anyone, and when you launder them use hot soapy water after every use. Don't hang them up for another use. Don't use anyone else's towels on your body and don't let anyone use yours. Put them in the laundry after the initial use. You may not be able to avoid all infections, but you may be able to limit your exposure to the organisms that cause infection.
Folliculitis is the medical name for an infection of the hair follicles. They are seldom painful, but they can really itch and drive you crazy. Folliculitis can be caused by either a bacterial or a fungal infection, and it is commonly caused by spending time in a hot tub with other people. The infection can also be caused by taking a bath in a bathtub that has not been properly cleaned after someone else used it. Swimming in water teeming with bacteria may also be a cause for this uncomfortable condition. Folliculitis can present in a superficial form that usually clears up on its own, and a deep form that is usually reoccurring and usually needs medical intervention.
What are the signs and symptoms of folliculitis?
Depending on the severity of the skin infection, pimples form on the skin with the hair shaft in the center of the pimple-this is how you can tell if it is just an acne pimple or an infected hair follicle-if the pimple is superficial it may be small, contain pustules and may crust over. These superficial infections will usually clear up without medical intervention. Deep folliculitis is characterized by large pus-filled pimples, and they may be painful and leave pit like scars when they heal. Folliculitis is usually very itchy, but it can also be very tender to the touch. Sometimes folliculitis leaves you with the feeling that your hair hurts or your hair itches. Unless you have ever felt it, you probably cannot understand what I just said. I have had folliculitis, so I know what it feels like to say, "My hair itches." It is the follicles that are irritated and feel itchy.
Some cases of superficial folliculitis are caused by the pseudomonas bacteria that live in wooden hot tubs that are not properly monitored for chlorine and pH levels. After exposure to the pseudomonas bacteria, you may start to develop itchy red bumps on your skin, within 48 hours that will later start to fill up with pus. The rash may be much worse in areas that the bathing suit covers, since the bathing suit will hold the contaminated water against your skin for a while after exposure, until you change out of your suit. If you are diabetic or have open sores or cuts on your skin, you may be more susceptible to superficial folliculitis.
There is another type of folliculitis that is caused by shaving. It is called barber's itch. It can be caused either by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) or by a fungus. In either case it is caused when the follicles have become irritated and infected. When we use a disposable razor we should throw it away when we are done. They are called disposable for reason. I will use a disposable razor no more than twice, and then I will throw it away. I've had this type of folliculitis under my arms, and I don't want it again. It is very itchy, and nothing seems to relieve it.
A fungal infection of the hair follicles in a man's beard may develop into white itchy bumps. The surrounding skin becomes read and inflamed. The infection can spread to the lymph nodes causing hard pus-filled nodules under the skin. This infection can cause fever. There are other follicular infections of the beard, face and neck in men that are caused by different bacteria and viruses. In fact, if you accidentally shave through a cold sore, you can spread the herpes simplex virus to surrounding hair follicles.
Boils and carbuncles are a form of deep folliculitis. Boils and carbuncles are formed when the hair follicles become deeply infected with staph germs. Boils usually heal on their own within a couple of weeks, but carbuncles go much deeper and are a cluster of boils. I had a carbuncle in the center of my back that I had to have surgically removed because it had developed a ropy scar tissue that was growing toward my spinal column. It was much more serious than a simple boil.
Esoinophilic folliculitis is seen mostly in people who are HIV-positive. They develop pimples that become pus-filled sores on the face, back or upper arms. It is believed that this type of infection is caused by a yeast infection in the hair follicles.
People, who have taken antibiotics for long periods to treat acne, may develop a Gram-negative (pathogenic or harmful) infection of the hair follicles. Normally people don't get an infection while on antibiotics, but some people will develop an infection in the chin, cheeks and jaw line.
What causes folliculitis?
We have hair follicles everywhere on our bodies except on the soles of our feet, the palms of our hands, mucous membranes and our lips. The anatomy and physiology of the hair follicle is such, that each follicle is attached to a little muscle that makes our hairs stand up on end when we are scared or cold. Right there with the hair follicles and muscles are the sebaceous glands that produce oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin and hair. Normally sebum is carried to the outside of the body through little ducts, but when the hair follicles become infected the structures within can become inflamed and the ducts can become clogged. When this happens the sebum is trapped under the skin and becomes infected.
Some of the common causes of folliculitis are friction from shaving and tight clothing, perspiration, preexisting skin problems-such as acne-surgical wounds, abrasions from surgical tape, chronic exposure to oil and grease, and any other substance that can clog the pours.
How is folliculitis treated?
Often simple cases of folliculitis clear up without any medical intervention. When the problem does not go away on its own, is when you need to see a physician. Your doctor can diagnose folliculitis by examining your skin. Your doctor may want to decide just what antibiotic to give you, and in that case he/she may want to do a scraping of the pustules to do a culture and sensitivity test. The C & S will determine which medications are most likely to kill the infection.
If your infection does not go away on its own it is important to get it treated by your physician, because a serious infection could develop. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that can spread to the deeper structures under the skin, including the lymph nodes. Once the lymph nodes are infected the infection can easily be spread systemically. In some cases, when folliculitis is not treated, there can be permanent hair loss due to the destruction to the hair follicles.
Your doctor may order a topical or oral medication, which includes an antibiotic, as well as an antipuretic-which controls itching. Your doctor may ask you not to shave until your infection resolves; however if you feel you have to shave, to use a clean razor each time, if you use a safety or disposable razor. Some people who have this skin problem find that shaving with an electric razor is much more comfortable because it doesn't shave as closely as a safety razor. If you use a razor, also use a shaving gel, instead of a shaving cream because it adds more moisture to the skin and the razor can glide easier over the skin. After shaving apply an aftershave with moisturizers. Some forms of deep folliculitis need to be treated with certain kinds of antibiotics, and others need topical and oral corticosteroids and antihistamines if the infection is severe.
How can folliculitis be prevented?
You may not always be able to prevent an infection, but you can take certain measures to reduce your chances of developing folliculitis by following these guidelines:
Avoid wearing tight clothing, because they have a tendency to bind or chafe your skin. When you shave, make sure you either shave with an electric razor, or if you use a safety razor, be sure to use a clean one each time. Make sure you use a shaving gel, rather than a shaving cream because the razor can glide easier.
If you have a hot tub, be sure to maintain it. Clean it regularly and follow the directions for tub maintenance when adding chlorine. If you use a commercial tub in a spa, be sure of the cleanliness of the tub. Don't be afraid to ask how it is maintained.
To prevent skin infections use common sense. Don't get into a dirty tub, don't share towels with anyone, and when you launder them use hot soapy water after every use. Don't hang them up for another use. Don't use anyone else's towels on your body and don't let anyone use yours. Put them in the laundry after the initial use. You may not be able to avoid all infections, but you may be able to limit your exposure to the organisms that cause infection.
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